Biohacking Healthy Aging: The Organs of Longevity

10 min read

oneskin team

September 04,2024

LIFE STYLE, HEALTH

Biohacking Healthy Aging: The Organs of Longevity

10 min read

oneskin team

September 04,2024

LIFE STYLE, HEALTH

What if your organs could tell you the secrets to a longer, healthier life? As it turns out, your organs do speak—they just have their own language.The physiological process of organs, such as lung function or skin appearance, strongly correlates to life expectancy, offering invaluable insights into aging. (1)But here's where it gets exciting: by understanding these signals, you can do more than just listen. You can actively target these organs with tailored biohacking techniques to optimize their function and, in turn, extend your healthspan.

01

1. The Heart: The Central Pump of Longevity

Not only is a healthy heart protected against heart disease, but it is also better able to pump blood through the body, significantly reducing many causes of age-related diseases. (2) For instance, the heart’s ability to pump blood while maintaining a steady rhythm directly impacts cardiovascular health. Overpumping can damage the heart muscle while underpumping can lead to heart failure. (2)Monitoring key metrics related to heart function can provide significant insights into your cardiovascular health and overall longevity.

Resting Heart Rate (RHR)

The resting heart rate (RHR) is a fundamental metric that reflects the efficiency of your heart's pumping function. (3)A lower RHR indicates a more efficient heart that works less to pump blood throughout the body. Conversely, a higher RHR may signal underlying cardiovascular strain and potential health issues. (3, 4)Some actions you can take to reduce your resting heart rate include:

Exercise: Incorporate aerobic activities like running, swimming, or cycling. (5)
A Heart-Healthy Diet: Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins to lower RHR and support heart health. (6)
Stimulate the Vagus Nerve: Techniques such as deep, diaphragmatic breathing and cold exposure can help activate the vagus nerve, which is instrumental in lowering RHR and improving heart function. (7)
Ensure Electrolyte Balance: A well-balanced intake of electrolytes (sodium, potassium, magnesium) through your diet reduces dehydration, a key cause of a rapid heart rate. (8)
Go Outside: Fresh air improves lung function and reduces heart rate. Just a 20-minute walk outdoors or an open window can provide cardiovascular benefits. (9)
Try a Standing Desk: Prolonged sitting has been linked to increased heart risk. Using a standing desk at intervals throughout the day can help improve circulation and reduce resting heart rate. (10)

01

1. The Heart: The Central Pump of Longevity

Not only is a healthy heart protected against heart disease, but it is also better able to pump blood through the body, significantly reducing many causes of age-related diseases. (2) For instance, the heart’s ability to pump blood while maintaining a steady rhythm directly impacts cardiovascular health. Overpumping can damage the heart muscle while underpumping can lead to heart failure. (2)Monitoring key metrics related to heart function can provide significant insights into your cardiovascular health and overall longevity.

Resting Heart Rate (RHR)

The resting heart rate (RHR) is a fundamental metric that reflects the efficiency of your heart's pumping function. (3)A lower RHR indicates a more efficient heart that works less to pump blood throughout the body. Conversely, a higher RHR may signal underlying cardiovascular strain and potential health issues. (3, 4)Some actions you can take to reduce your resting heart rate include:

Exercise: Incorporate aerobic activities like running, swimming, or cycling. (5)
A Heart-Healthy Diet: Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins to lower RHR and support heart health. (6)
Stimulate the Vagus Nerve: Techniques such as deep, diaphragmatic breathing and cold exposure can help activate the vagus nerve, which is instrumental in lowering RHR and improving heart function. (7)
Ensure Electrolyte Balance: A well-balanced intake of electrolytes (sodium, potassium, magnesium) through your diet reduces dehydration, a key cause of a rapid heart rate. (8)
Go Outside: Fresh air improves lung function and reduces heart rate. Just a 20-minute walk outdoors or an open window can provide cardiovascular benefits. (9)
Try a Standing Desk: Prolonged sitting has been linked to increased heart risk. Using a standing desk at intervals throughout the day can help improve circulation and reduce resting heart rate. (10)

VO2 Max: Measuring Aerobic Capacity

VO2 Max, or maximal oxygen uptake, is another critical metric for assessing cardiovascular health and even healthspan.Higher VO2 Max values reflect superior cardiovascular capacity, essential for sustaining physical activity and promoting longevity. Regular exercise that enhances VO2 Max supports heart health and overall physical resilience. (11)Some suggested actions include:

HIIT: Engage in High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) workouts, which alternate between intense exercise and rest periods. Avoid these intense exercises if you have high cortisol. (12)
Yogic Breathing: Techniques like Bhastrika or a generic Pranayama can improve respiratory efficiency and enhance VO2 Max. (13)

VO2 Max: Measuring Aerobic Capacity

VO2 Max, or maximal oxygen uptake, is another critical metric for assessing cardiovascular health and even healthspan.Higher VO2 Max values reflect superior cardiovascular capacity, essential for sustaining physical activity and promoting longevity. Regular exercise that enhances VO2 Max supports heart health and overall physical resilience. (11)Some suggested actions include:

HIIT: Engage in High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) workouts, which alternate between intense exercise and rest periods. Avoid these intense exercises if you have high cortisol. (12)
Yogic Breathing: Techniques like Bhastrika or a generic Pranayama can improve respiratory efficiency and enhance VO2 Max. (13)

02

2. The Brain: The Command Center of Cognitive Health

The brain, your central command center, governs every aspect of your physiological and cognitive functions. Its health and efficiency are crucial for maintaining cognitive abilities and overall well-being.Monitoring and optimizing brain function can provide valuable insights into your potential lifespan and cognitive aging.

Neural Activity: The Balance of Cognitive Engagement

Neural activity in the brain serves as an indicator of cognitive health and aging.While active neural processes are necessary for mental engagement and function, higher levels of neural activity associated with stress, anxiety, and depression are linked to a shorter lifespan. (14)Here’s what you can do to help your brain rest:

Stop Multi-Tasking: Focus on single tasks to minimize cognitive overload and stress, which can adversely impact neural health. (15)
Engage in Grounding Practices: Walking barefoot on natural surfaces can reduce brain activity and promote mental well-being. (16, 17)
Maintain a Regular Sleep Schedule: Maintain a consistent sleep routine to support your circadian rhythm, which helps regulate brain function and overall health. (18, 19)
Engage in Mindfulness Practices: Meditation and mindfulness exercises help reduce brain activity and promote mental clarity. (20, 21)

02

2. The Brain: The Command Center of Cognitive Health

The brain, your central command center, governs every aspect of your physiological and cognitive functions. Its health and efficiency are crucial for maintaining cognitive abilities and overall well-being.Monitoring and optimizing brain function can provide valuable insights into your potential lifespan and cognitive aging.

Neural Activity: The Balance of Cognitive Engagement

Neural activity in the brain serves as an indicator of cognitive health and aging.While active neural processes are necessary for mental engagement and function, higher levels of neural activity associated with stress, anxiety, and depression are linked to a shorter lifespan. (14)Here’s what you can do to help your brain rest:

Stop Multi-Tasking: Focus on single tasks to minimize cognitive overload and stress, which can adversely impact neural health. (15)
Engage in Grounding Practices: Walking barefoot on natural surfaces can reduce brain activity and promote mental well-being. (16, 17)
Maintain a Regular Sleep Schedule: Maintain a consistent sleep routine to support your circadian rhythm, which helps regulate brain function and overall health. (18, 19)
Engage in Mindfulness Practices: Meditation and mindfulness exercises help reduce brain activity and promote mental clarity. (20, 21)

Alzheimer's Disease Biomarkers: A Key Metric for Brain Health

Alzheimer’s disease is one of the leading causes of age-related mortality. Biomarkers for Alzheimer's, such as the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques and tau protein tangles, are critical indicators of cognitive decline and are closely tied to reduced lifespan. (22)These markers of neurodegeneration are detectable years before symptoms appear. (22)Suggested actions to promote cognitive health:

Follow a Mediterranean Diet: Rich in omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory foods, this diet supports brain health and reduces the risk of Alzheimer’s. (23)
Exercise Regularly: Physical activity improves blood flow to the brain and may help reduce the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques. (24)
Stay Mentally Active: Engaging in activities that stimulate the brain—like learning new skills or solving puzzles—may help delay the onset of Alzheimer’s symptoms by building cognitive reserves. (25)
Socialize: As seen in blue zones, maintaining close social relationships is one of the strongest predictors of cognitive resilience. Regular interaction with friends and family has been shown to delay cognitive decline, improve memory, and even reduce the risk of Alzheimer's. (25)

Alzheimer's Disease Biomarkers: A Key Metric for Brain Health

Alzheimer’s disease is one of the leading causes of age-related mortality. Biomarkers for Alzheimer's, such as the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques and tau protein tangles, are critical indicators of cognitive decline and are closely tied to reduced lifespan. (22)These markers of neurodegeneration are detectable years before symptoms appear. (22)Suggested actions to promote cognitive health:

Follow a Mediterranean Diet: Rich in omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory foods, this diet supports brain health and reduces the risk of Alzheimer’s. (23)
Exercise Regularly: Physical activity improves blood flow to the brain and may help reduce the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques. (24)
Stay Mentally Active: Engaging in activities that stimulate the brain—like learning new skills or solving puzzles—may help delay the onset of Alzheimer’s symptoms by building cognitive reserves. (25)
Socialize: As seen in blue zones, maintaining close social relationships is one of the strongest predictors of cognitive resilience. Regular interaction with friends and family has been shown to delay cognitive decline, improve memory, and even reduce the risk of Alzheimer's. (25)

03

3. The Lungs: Respiratory Health as a Longevity Indicator

The lungs, responsible for oxygenating the blood and expelling carbon dioxide, are critical for respiratory health and overall vitality. Research demonstrates that lung function is a very significant predictor of longevity. (26)

Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1): Assessing Lung Health

FEV1 measures the amount of air you can exhale in the first second of a forceful breath. This metric is crucial for assessing lung function and overall respiratory health. Higher FEV1 values indicate better lung capacity and efficiency. (27)Here’s what you can do to strengthen your FEV1:

Proper Breathing With Exercising: Use proper breathing techniques to enhance lung capacity and efficiency during physical activities. (28)
Improve Indoor Air Quality: Reduce indoor pollutants by using air purifiers and ensuring proper ventilation to support lung health. This includes avoiding toxic fragrances. (29)
Practice Nasal Breathing: Focus on nasal rather than mouth breathing to improve respiratory function and overall lung health. (30)

03

3. The Lungs: Respiratory Health as a Longevity Indicator

The lungs, responsible for oxygenating the blood and expelling carbon dioxide, are critical for respiratory health and overall vitality. Research demonstrates that lung function is a very significant predictor of longevity. (26)

Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1): Assessing Lung Health

FEV1 measures the amount of air you can exhale in the first second of a forceful breath. This metric is crucial for assessing lung function and overall respiratory health. Higher FEV1 values indicate better lung capacity and efficiency. (27)Here’s what you can do to strengthen your FEV1:

Proper Breathing With Exercising: Use proper breathing techniques to enhance lung capacity and efficiency during physical activities. (28)
Improve Indoor Air Quality: Reduce indoor pollutants by using air purifiers and ensuring proper ventilation to support lung health. This includes avoiding toxic fragrances. (29)
Practice Nasal Breathing: Focus on nasal rather than mouth breathing to improve respiratory function and overall lung health. (30)

04

4. The Immune System: Defense and Aging

The immune system is vital in defending the body against infections and diseases. Its health and efficiency are closely linked to aging and longevity. (31)

GlycanAge – The Inflammation-Based Biological Clock

Inflammation and the immune system are very closely tied to aging. (31) In fact, the cutting-edge GlycanAge clock uses immune system biomarkers to predict biological age. Here are some ways to slow the inflammaging process:

Use Cold Baths: Cold baths or showers can help reduce inflammation and support overall immune health. (32)
Anti-Inflammatory Diet: Incorporate foods rich in anti-inflammatory properties, such as leafy greens, berries, nuts, and fatty fish, into your diet. (33)
Drink Ginger and Honey Tea: Ginger and honey contain anti-inflammatory properties that support immune health and overall well-being. (34, 35)
Hydration: Dehydration can cause inflammation associated with age-related degenerative diseases. Staying well-hydrated helps support the body's natural detoxification processes and cellular health, reducing inflammation. (36)

04

4. The Immune System: Defense and Aging

The immune system is vital in defending the body against infections and diseases. Its health and efficiency are closely linked to aging and longevity. (31)

GlycanAge – The Inflammation-Based Biological Clock

Inflammation and the immune system are very closely tied to aging. (31) In fact, the cutting-edge GlycanAge clock uses immune system biomarkers to predict biological age. Here are some ways to slow the inflammaging process:

Use Cold Baths: Cold baths or showers can help reduce inflammation and support overall immune health. (32)
Anti-Inflammatory Diet: Incorporate foods rich in anti-inflammatory properties, such as leafy greens, berries, nuts, and fatty fish, into your diet. (33)
Drink Ginger and Honey Tea: Ginger and honey contain anti-inflammatory properties that support immune health and overall well-being. (34, 35)
Hydration: Dehydration can cause inflammation associated with age-related degenerative diseases. Staying well-hydrated helps support the body's natural detoxification processes and cellular health, reducing inflammation. (36)

05

5. The Muscles: Strength and Frailty Prevention

Muscle is widely considered the true organ of longevity. (37)As the body's primary source of strength, stability, and metabolic health, maintaining muscle mass is critical for healthy aging. Muscle loss, or sarcopenia, is strongly associated with a shorter lifespan due to its direct impact on physical functionality, metabolic regulation, and mobility. (37)

Frailty: A Critical Risk Factor

Frailty is classified as one of the most important risk factors for mortality in older adults. (38)For both men and women, but especially for postmenopausal women, frailty—is one of the most significant risk factors for decreased healthspan. Frailty is more than just weakness; it’s a syndrome involving reduced muscle and bone mass, strength, and resilience. (39)As people age, they lose muscle mass naturally, but it’s the acceleration of this process that is concerning. Frailty is associated with reduced physical functioning, slower recovery from illness, and increased vulnerability to injuries. (39)Here is how you can help avoid frailty and age stronger:

Engage in Strength Training: Regular resistance or weight training can build and maintain muscle mass, which is vital for longevity. (40)
Increase Protein Intake: Consume a protein-rich diet to support muscle repair and growth. (41)
Regular Physical Activity: Combine aerobic and strength training exercises to promote overall muscle health and prevent frailty. (40)
Supplements: Supplements such as vitamin D can strengthen the musculoskeletal system. (42)

05

5. The Muscles: Strength and Frailty Prevention

Muscle is widely considered the true organ of longevity. (37)As the body's primary source of strength, stability, and metabolic health, maintaining muscle mass is critical for healthy aging. Muscle loss, or sarcopenia, is strongly associated with a shorter lifespan due to its direct impact on physical functionality, metabolic regulation, and mobility. (37)

Frailty: A Critical Risk Factor

Frailty is classified as one of the most important risk factors for mortality in older adults. (38)For both men and women, but especially for postmenopausal women, frailty—is one of the most significant risk factors for decreased healthspan. Frailty is more than just weakness; it’s a syndrome involving reduced muscle and bone mass, strength, and resilience. (39)As people age, they lose muscle mass naturally, but it’s the acceleration of this process that is concerning. Frailty is associated with reduced physical functioning, slower recovery from illness, and increased vulnerability to injuries. (39)Here is how you can help avoid frailty and age stronger:

Engage in Strength Training: Regular resistance or weight training can build and maintain muscle mass, which is vital for longevity. (40)
Increase Protein Intake: Consume a protein-rich diet to support muscle repair and growth. (41)
Regular Physical Activity: Combine aerobic and strength training exercises to promote overall muscle health and prevent frailty. (40)
Supplements: Supplements such as vitamin D can strengthen the musculoskeletal system. (42)

Mobility: More Than Just Movement

Mobility is directly tied to maintaining muscle mass and strength as you age. (43)Beyond just muscle power, mobility encompasses joint flexibility, balance, and coordination—all essential for daily activities and overall quality of life. As a decline in mobility often leads to reduced physical activity, a loss in mobility can accelerate muscle loss, increase frailty, and diminish independence. (43)Here are some great practices for preserving your mobility and ensuring a long, active life:

Stretching and Flexibility Exercises: Incorporate regular stretching and mobility exercises like yoga, tai chi, or Pilates to maintain joint flexibility and range of motion. (44)
Low-Impact Aerobic Activities: Activities like swimming or cycling that support cardiovascular health without putting undue stress on the joints can help extend your mobility far longer. (44)
Functional Movements: Focus on exercises that mimic everyday movements, such as squats and lunges, to maintain functional strength, balance, and mobility. (44)

Mobility: More Than Just Movement

Mobility is directly tied to maintaining muscle mass and strength as you age. (43)Beyond just muscle power, mobility encompasses joint flexibility, balance, and coordination—all essential for daily activities and overall quality of life. As a decline in mobility often leads to reduced physical activity, a loss in mobility can accelerate muscle loss, increase frailty, and diminish independence. (43)Here are some great practices for preserving your mobility and ensuring a long, active life:

Stretching and Flexibility Exercises: Incorporate regular stretching and mobility exercises like yoga, tai chi, or Pilates to maintain joint flexibility and range of motion. (44)
Low-Impact Aerobic Activities: Activities like swimming or cycling that support cardiovascular health without putting undue stress on the joints can help extend your mobility far longer. (44)
Functional Movements: Focus on exercises that mimic everyday movements, such as squats and lunges, to maintain functional strength, balance, and mobility. (44)

06

6. The Skin: A Reflection of Overall Health

The skin, the body's largest organ, reflects your overall health and how you’re aging. Research finds that perceived age and skin wrinkling are indicative of systemic and biological age. (45)

Skin Appearance: A Marker of Biological Age

The appearance of the skin—its texture, elasticity, and hydration—can reveal much about your biological age and overall health. Maintaining healthy skin is essential for reflecting and supporting systemic health. (45)Here’s what you can do to support your skin:

Use Sun Protection: Apply a broad-spectrum sunscreen with SPF 30+ like OS-01 BODY SPF and OS-01 FACE SPF with peptide technology and antioxidants to shield your skin from UV damage, prevent premature aging, and even reduce the effects of UV aging. (46)
Stay Hydrated: Hydrated skin is healthier and displays less of the visible signs of aging like wrinkles or fine lines. Drinking plenty of water and applying moisturizers can help alleviate the visible signs of aging and the underlying biological processes of skin aging. (47, 48)
Apply Topical Supplements: Utilize science-based topical supplements with antioxidants and collagen-stimulating peptides to address signs of aging. (49)

06

6. The Skin: A Reflection of Overall Health

The skin, the body's largest organ, reflects your overall health and how you’re aging. Research finds that perceived age and skin wrinkling are indicative of systemic and biological age. (45)

Skin Appearance: A Marker of Biological Age

The appearance of the skin—its texture, elasticity, and hydration—can reveal much about your biological age and overall health. Maintaining healthy skin is essential for reflecting and supporting systemic health. (45)Here’s what you can do to support your skin:

Use Sun Protection: Apply a broad-spectrum sunscreen with SPF 30+ like OS-01 BODY SPF and OS-01 FACE SPF with peptide technology and antioxidants to shield your skin from UV damage, prevent premature aging, and even reduce the effects of UV aging. (46)
Stay Hydrated: Hydrated skin is healthier and displays less of the visible signs of aging like wrinkles or fine lines. Drinking plenty of water and applying moisturizers can help alleviate the visible signs of aging and the underlying biological processes of skin aging. (47, 48)
Apply Topical Supplements: Utilize science-based topical supplements with antioxidants and collagen-stimulating peptides to address signs of aging. (49)

07

OneSkin’s Revolutionary Approach

At OneSkin, we are leading the charge in skin care innovation with the OS-01 peptide, the first-ever ingredient scientifically proven to reverse skin aging. (46,50)Our commitment to longevity science goes beyond the surface, with products designed to improve your skin's appearance, health, and vitality by addressing aging at its source.

OS-01 BODY: Clinically Proven to Pause Overall Bodily Aging

This OS-01 powered topical supplement is not only beneficial for your skin. In a 12-week clinical study, participants applied OS-01 BODY or a standard moisturizer (control) for 12 weeks, measuring their biological age before and after treatment. Participants who applied OS-01 BODY experienced no change in their biological age, while the group who applied the standard moisturizer saw their biological age increase, as expected over time. This data indicated that OS-01 BODY can help pause biological aging. Additionally, the levels of circulating cytokines decreased in the group using OS-01 BODY, indicating that OS-01 BODY may also help reduce systemic inflammation. (46)This powerful data indicates spotlights OS-01 BODY as one of the most scientifically validated topical supplements for longevity, addressing not just cosmetic concerns, but fundamental aging processes.

07

OneSkin’s Revolutionary Approach

At OneSkin, we are leading the charge in skin care innovation with the OS-01 peptide, the first-ever ingredient scientifically proven to reverse skin aging. (46,50)Our commitment to longevity science goes beyond the surface, with products designed to improve your skin's appearance, health, and vitality by addressing aging at its source.

OS-01 BODY: Clinically Proven to Pause Overall Bodily Aging

This OS-01 powered topical supplement is not only beneficial for your skin. In a 12-week clinical study, participants applied OS-01 BODY or a standard moisturizer (control) for 12 weeks, measuring their biological age before and after treatment. Participants who applied OS-01 BODY experienced no change in their biological age, while the group who applied the standard moisturizer saw their biological age increase, as expected over time. This data indicated that OS-01 BODY can help pause biological aging. Additionally, the levels of circulating cytokines decreased in the group using OS-01 BODY, indicating that OS-01 BODY may also help reduce systemic inflammation. (46)This powerful data indicates spotlights OS-01 BODY as one of the most scientifically validated topical supplements for longevity, addressing not just cosmetic concerns, but fundamental aging processes.

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Related Products

OS-01 BODY Topical Supplement

$89 - Subscription / $99 - One Time Purchase

1,983 reviews

OS-01 BODY is a skin longevity treatment scientifically proven to target the root cause of skin aging so skin feels healthier and looks younger. Formulated as a daily moisturizer for your body, this hydrating body lotion with peptides addresses your skin concerns effectively.

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Key Takeaways:

A healthy heart significantly contributes to longevity by efficiently pumping blood, reducing the risk of age-related diseases.
Protecting your brain from stress and engaging in mental exercises can help prolong cognitive function and life expectancy.
Lung function is a critical marker of longevity; enhancing lung function through proper breathing during exercise, improving indoor air quality, and practicing nasal breathing can support respiratory health.
The immune system plays a vital role in aging, with techniques like cold baths and anti-inflammatory diets helping to preserve youth.
Preventing muscle loss through regular exercise is essential for healthy aging and maintaining physical independence.
Skin Health: Skin appearance is a significant marker of overall health and biological age. The OS-01 BODY topical supplement is clinically proven to pause overall biological aging

Key Takeaways:

A healthy heart significantly contributes to longevity by efficiently pumping blood, reducing the risk of age-related diseases.
Protecting your brain from stress and engaging in mental exercises can help prolong cognitive function and life expectancy.
Lung function is a critical marker of longevity; enhancing lung function through proper breathing during exercise, improving indoor air quality, and practicing nasal breathing can support respiratory health.
The immune system plays a vital role in aging, with techniques like cold baths and anti-inflammatory diets helping to preserve youth.
Preventing muscle loss through regular exercise is essential for healthy aging and maintaining physical independence.
Skin Health: Skin appearance is a significant marker of overall health and biological age. The OS-01 BODY topical supplement is clinically proven to pause overall biological aging

References

Reviewed by Alessandra Zonari, PhD, Chief Scientific Officer (CSO) and Co-Founder of OneSkin

Alessandra earned her Master’s degree in stem cell biology, and her PhD in skin regeneration and tissue engineering at the Federal University of Minas Gerais in Brazil in collaboration with the 3B’s Research Group in Portugal. Alessandra did a second post-doctoral at the University of Coimbra in Portugal. She is a co-inventor of three patents and has published 20 peer-reviewed papers in scientific journals.

Reviewed by Alessandra Zonari, PhD, Chief Scientific Officer (CSO) and Co-Founder of OneSkin

Alessandra earned her Master’s degree in stem cell biology, and her PhD in skin regeneration and tissue engineering at the Federal University of Minas Gerais in Brazil in collaboration with the 3B’s Research Group in Portugal. Alessandra did a second post-doctoral at the University of Coimbra in Portugal. She is a co-inventor of three patents and has published 20 peer-reviewed papers in scientific journals.

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