What are Zombie Cells & How Can We Remove Them?
4 min read
APRIL 25, 2022
SKIN SCIENCE, LONGEVITY
What are Zombie Cells & How Can We Remove Them?
4 min read
APRIL 25, 2022
SKIN SCIENCE, LONGEVITY
Senescent cells, otherwise known as “zombie cells”, are developed through the process of cellular senescence. Ever since cellular senescence was defined as one of the nine hallmarks of aging, scientists have discovered that eliminating senescent cells, or zombie cells, from tissues could be an effective way to reverse aging in the skin and body. But first, what exactly are these zombie cells, and why do they have such an ominous name?
Senescent cells, otherwise known as “zombie cells”, are developed through the process of cellular senescence. Ever since cellular senescence was defined as one of the nine hallmarks of aging, scientists have discovered that eliminating senescent cells, or zombie cells, from tissues could be an effective way to reverse aging in the skin and body. But first, what exactly are these zombie cells, and why do they have such an ominous name?
01
What are zombie cells?
When cells become old or damaged, they stop replicating and enter a phase referred to as cell senescence. In the body’s most efficient state, these old and damaged cells should undergo apoptosis (cell suicide), but unfortunately, some of them refuse to die, rendering them senescent, or zombie, cells. As the name suggests, these cells can wreak havoc on the surrounding cells and tissues.
01
What are zombie cells?
When cells become old or damaged, they stop replicating and enter a phase referred to as cell senescence. In the body’s most efficient state, these old and damaged cells should undergo apoptosis (cell suicide), but unfortunately, some of them refuse to die, rendering them senescent, or zombie, cells. As the name suggests, these cells can wreak havoc on the surrounding cells and tissues.
02
Are zombie cells different from senescent cells?
No, zombie cells are a term coined to describe senescent cells. They are one in the same.
02
Are zombie cells different from senescent cells?
No, zombie cells are a term coined to describe senescent cells. They are one in the same.
03
Where do zombie cells come from?
The biological purpose of cellular senescence is to prevent further replication after a cell experiences excessive DNA damage. Here are three main varieties of senescence, each with their own causes. [1]
- Replicative - This occurs when a cell has hit its maximum number of cell divisions and should no longer replicate. This is the classic senescing process.
- Oncogene Induced - Oncogenes are genes responsible for cell replication. When these genes are activated, or overexpressed, they allow for higher levels of cell proliferation than optimal. To prevent a tumor, the cell activates two tumor suppressing pathways; these pathways also stimulate cellular senescence.
- Stress Induced - Different stressors, such as oxidizing agents and free radicals, can cause single stranded breaks (SSBs) in DNA. They actuate a DNA damage response, which then triggers a signaling pathway, prematurely sending healthy cells into senescence.[2]
03
Where do zombie cells come from?
The biological purpose of cellular senescence is to prevent further replication after a cell experiences excessive DNA damage. Here are three main varieties of senescence, each with their own causes. [1]
- Replicative - This occurs when a cell has hit its maximum number of cell divisions and should no longer replicate. This is the classic senescing process.
- Oncogene Induced - Oncogenes are genes responsible for cell replication. When these genes are activated, or overexpressed, they allow for higher levels of cell proliferation than optimal. To prevent a tumor, the cell activates two tumor suppressing pathways; these pathways also stimulate cellular senescence.
- Stress Induced - Different stressors, such as oxidizing agents and free radicals, can cause single stranded breaks (SSBs) in DNA. They actuate a DNA damage response, which then triggers a signaling pathway, prematurely sending healthy cells into senescence.[2]
04
How do zombie cells work?
Zombie cells want to get caught. The entire purpose of the senescence state is not only to prevent further cell replication, but also to alert the immune system to clear the zombie cells out. They attempt to communicate with the immune system by excreting inflammatory factors and utilizing cellular signaling. Ideally, the body reacts by sending inflammatory cells to the area to clear them out. Unfortunately, as our immune system weakens and becomes less diligent with age, these two initially helpful systems can backfire and accelerate aging.
04
How do zombie cells work?
Zombie cells want to get caught. The entire purpose of the senescence state is not only to prevent further cell replication, but also to alert the immune system to clear the zombie cells out. They attempt to communicate with the immune system by excreting inflammatory factors and utilizing cellular signaling. Ideally, the body reacts by sending inflammatory cells to the area to clear them out. Unfortunately, as our immune system weakens and becomes less diligent with age, these two initially helpful systems can backfire and accelerate aging.
05
How does the build up of zombie cells play a part in aging?
The build up of zombie cells accelerate aging primarily as a result of two factors: chronic inflammation and stem cell exhaustion. [4]InflammationAs the immune system becomes less efficient at clearing away zombie cells, they are left to linger and secrete harmful factors, resulting in chronic inflammation. [3] Chronic inflammation is when there is excess of these inflammatory cells in the body. This can lead to clots throughout the bloodstream, and the brain vessels. Inflammatory cells also encourage tumors and neurological disorders, by increasing cellular proliferation and resistance to cell suicide. Overall, chronic inflammation has a hand in several age-related diseases including Alzheimer's, heart disease, cancer and diabetes. [5]Stem Cell ExhaustionAs the immune system weakens, the cellular signaling from zombie cells starts to land on deaf ears. As a result, they are not cleared away in time and instead, the signaling starts to influence neighboring cells towards senescence. Impressionable stem cells are especially affected by this and often become damaged, or fall into senescence. Senescent cells are also able to disrupt the joint network of these cells; this impedes cellular communication, structural integrity, cell growth, etc. Through these means, zombie cells are able to interfere with stem cell function and growth and disrupt the overall balance of a tissue. Stem cell exhaustion is a crucial contributor towards the aging process, and can eventually lead to organ dysfunction. [2]
05
How does the build up of zombie cells play a part in aging?
The build up of zombie cells accelerate aging primarily as a result of two factors: chronic inflammation and stem cell exhaustion. [4]InflammationAs the immune system becomes less efficient at clearing away zombie cells, they are left to linger and secrete harmful factors, resulting in chronic inflammation. [3] Chronic inflammation is when there is excess of these inflammatory cells in the body. This can lead to clots throughout the bloodstream, and the brain vessels. Inflammatory cells also encourage tumors and neurological disorders, by increasing cellular proliferation and resistance to cell suicide. Overall, chronic inflammation has a hand in several age-related diseases including Alzheimer's, heart disease, cancer and diabetes. [5]Stem Cell ExhaustionAs the immune system weakens, the cellular signaling from zombie cells starts to land on deaf ears. As a result, they are not cleared away in time and instead, the signaling starts to influence neighboring cells towards senescence. Impressionable stem cells are especially affected by this and often become damaged, or fall into senescence. Senescent cells are also able to disrupt the joint network of these cells; this impedes cellular communication, structural integrity, cell growth, etc. Through these means, zombie cells are able to interfere with stem cell function and growth and disrupt the overall balance of a tissue. Stem cell exhaustion is a crucial contributor towards the aging process, and can eventually lead to organ dysfunction. [2]
06
What do zombie cells mean for your skin health?
Being our most exposed organ, our skin experiences a lot of DNA damage from UV exposure. Sun damaged skin leads to stress-induced senescence, activating the DNA damage response, and prematurely sending our cells into senescence. This accumulation of senescent cells in the skin leads to a weakened skin barrier, which can cause visible signs of aging, such as sagging and wrinkles, an accumulation of dead skin cells on the face and body, and compromises your body’s ability to protect itself from external stressors. These cells can also travel to the rest of the body, and can have drastic implications on overall health.
06
What do zombie cells mean for your skin health?
Being our most exposed organ, our skin experiences a lot of DNA damage from UV exposure. Sun damaged skin leads to stress-induced senescence, activating the DNA damage response, and prematurely sending our cells into senescence. This accumulation of senescent cells in the skin leads to a weakened skin barrier, which can cause visible signs of aging, such as sagging and wrinkles, an accumulation of dead skin cells on the face and body, and compromises your body’s ability to protect itself from external stressors. These cells can also travel to the rest of the body, and can have drastic implications on overall health.
07
Can you get rid of zombie cells?
Luckily, there is a class of molecules, called “senotherapeutics”, with the ability to prevent the accumulation of and clear away zombie cells by inducing apoptosis (cell suicide). This class of molecules has shown promising effects on preventing and reversing the aging process by reducing senescent burden in the body. In fact, a 2019 study determined that senotherapeutic molecules are able to ease, and occasionally reverse, several age-related illnesses, including Alzheimer’s disease! [6] Senotherapeutic molecules have shown great potential in the longevity sciences, but how about their specific implications on long term skin care?
07
Can you get rid of zombie cells?
Luckily, there is a class of molecules, called “senotherapeutics”, with the ability to prevent the accumulation of and clear away zombie cells by inducing apoptosis (cell suicide). This class of molecules has shown promising effects on preventing and reversing the aging process by reducing senescent burden in the body. In fact, a 2019 study determined that senotherapeutic molecules are able to ease, and occasionally reverse, several age-related illnesses, including Alzheimer’s disease! [6] Senotherapeutic molecules have shown great potential in the longevity sciences, but how about their specific implications on long term skin care?
08
OS-01 as a senotherapeutic molecule
The OS-01 peptide is not just any senotherapeutic molecule, it’s a highly effective one designed for optimal penetration in the skin when applied topically. To discover OS-01, the OneSkin team tested over 800 promising senotherapeutic peptides in the lab, evaluating each peptide’s ability to reduce cellular senescence. Once optimized, the OS-01 peptide was found to be most effective at clearing zombie cells in skin, reducing the number of senescent cells by up to 50% in human skin samples. (7) In fact, by reducing senscent burden in skin, the OS-01 peptide also reduced the skin’s biological age by 2.5 years, after only 5 days of exposure! (7)
08
OS-01 as a senotherapeutic molecule
The OS-01 peptide is not just any senotherapeutic molecule, it’s a highly effective one designed for optimal penetration in the skin when applied topically. To discover OS-01, the OneSkin team tested over 800 promising senotherapeutic peptides in the lab, evaluating each peptide’s ability to reduce cellular senescence. Once optimized, the OS-01 peptide was found to be most effective at clearing zombie cells in skin, reducing the number of senescent cells by up to 50% in human skin samples. (7) In fact, by reducing senscent burden in skin, the OS-01 peptide also reduced the skin’s biological age by 2.5 years, after only 5 days of exposure! (7)
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Key Takeaways:
- The biological purpose of cellular senescence is to prevent further replication after a cell experiences excessive DNA damage. DNA damage response pathways, or tumor suppressant pathways can prematurely create a zombie cell.
- Zombie cells excrete inflammatory factors and employ cellular signaling to alert the immune system to clear them out. When immune function experiences age-related decline, these senescent attributes can lead to chronic inflammation and stem cell exhaustion.
- Senotherapeutic molecules have shown promising effects on preventing and reversing aging by reducing senescent burden in the body.
- The OS-01 peptide is a highly effective senotherapeutic molecule designed for optimal skin penetration when applied topically. Whether you opt for a peptide moisturizer for your face or body lotion with peptides, the ingredients used in our topical supplements are formulated to keep your skins healthier for longer.
Key Takeaways:
- The biological purpose of cellular senescence is to prevent further replication after a cell experiences excessive DNA damage. DNA damage response pathways, or tumor suppressant pathways can prematurely create a zombie cell.
- Zombie cells excrete inflammatory factors and employ cellular signaling to alert the immune system to clear them out. When immune function experiences age-related decline, these senescent attributes can lead to chronic inflammation and stem cell exhaustion.
- Senotherapeutic molecules have shown promising effects on preventing and reversing aging by reducing senescent burden in the body.
- The OS-01 peptide is a highly effective senotherapeutic molecule designed for optimal skin penetration when applied topically. Whether you opt for a peptide moisturizer for your face or body lotion with peptides, the ingredients used in our topical supplements are formulated to keep your skins healthier for longer.
References
- https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2020.00364/full
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4214092/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4763322/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5748990/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6704802/
- https://www.thelancet.com/journals/ebiom/article/PIIS2352-3964(18)30629-7/fulltext
- https://www.nature.com/articles/s41514-023-00109-1
References
- https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2020.00364/full
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4214092/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4763322/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5748990/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6704802/
- https://www.thelancet.com/journals/ebiom/article/PIIS2352-3964(18)30629-7/fulltext
- https://www.nature.com/articles/s41514-023-00109-1
Reviewed by Alessandra Zonari, PhD, Chief Scientific Officer (CSO) and Co-Founder of OneSkin
Alessandra earned her Master’s degree in stem cell biology, and her PhD in skin regeneration and tissue engineering at the Federal University of Minas Gerais in Brazil in collaboration with the 3B’s Research Group in Portugal. Alessandra did a second post-doctoral at the University of Coimbra in Portugal. She is a co-inventor of three patents and has published 20 peer-reviewed papers in scientific journals.
Reviewed by Alessandra Zonari, PhD, Chief Scientific Officer (CSO) and Co-Founder of OneSkin
Alessandra earned her Master’s degree in stem cell biology, and her PhD in skin regeneration and tissue engineering at the Federal University of Minas Gerais in Brazil in collaboration with the 3B’s Research Group in Portugal. Alessandra did a second post-doctoral at the University of Coimbra in Portugal. She is a co-inventor of three patents and has published 20 peer-reviewed papers in scientific journals.
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Understanding Oily Skin: Causes & Characteristics
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101 Guide To Restoring Dry Skin Around The Eyes
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How to Remove Lingering Dead Skin Cells On the Fac...
Safe Beauty, Validated: Why OneSkin trusts SkinSAF...
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Tight Feeling Skin: 3 Reasons Why
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Target Cellular Senescence with the Highest Concen...
Can a Plant-Based Diet Really Increase Your Health...
Eye Skin Ages Faster: Here’s How OS-01 Can Help
Gut Health and Skin: How Are They Connected?
How OS-01 EYE Supports the Ultra-Thin Skin Around ...
The Science Behind Why The Skin Around the Eyes Ag...
How Do You Know When to Stop Using Retinol?
How To Heal Skin From Picking Your Face Too Much
6 Factors That Contribute to Slow Skin Healing
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A Complete Guide to the 4 Stages of Wound Healing
Collagen And Elastin: What Role Do They Play In Sk...
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Why We Want Skin To Be More, Not Less
More Than Skin Deep: How Physical Touch Predicts L...
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How to Reverse (or Prevent) Aging Skin
Yes, You Need Sunscreen During Winter
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Exploring the skin’s purpose in whole-body health
Stressed Skin: 4 Stress Effects on the Skin
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Good Genes vs. Good Habits: Which Impacts Your Lon...
How Does Sunscreen Work? How Long Does it Last?
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What Causes Dark Circles Under and Around Your Eye...
How to Brighten Eyes and Under-Eyes
Invasive vs. Non-Invasive Skincare: The pros and c...
6 Benefits of Jojoba Oil
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What is Sustainable Packaging for Cosmetic Product...
7 Benefits of Andiroba Oil For Skin
Why is my Skin Peeling on My Face?
What Are The Causes Of Dry, Flaky Skin On Your Fac...
PREP enhances the effects of OS-01 FACE, and the p...
This is the Data to Look For When Choosing Skin Ca...
Why cellular senescence is more than just one of t...
Allantoin For Skin: A Comprehensive Guide
Ceramides For Skin: Everything You Need to Know
A Simplified Guide To The Different Skin Texture T...
How OS-01 Works With Different Skin Types
How To Smooth Skin Texture On The Face: 4 Expert T...
What Causes Crepey Skin & Can It Be Avoided Altoge...
Does Niacinamide Help With Acne & Scarring?
Skin Microbiome: What It Is, Why it’s Important, A...
What Foods Cause Acne and Which Fight Against It?
The 101 Guide To Understanding Acne-Prone Skin
The Top 4 Prickly Pear Benefits for Skin
What Is Exfoliation & Is It A Necessary Measure Fo...
OneSkin Notable Mention: Dave Asprey's The Human U...
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Clean Beauty: What “clean” really means and why “s...
Retinol 101: Debunking Retinol as the Gold Standar...
Menopause & Skin: What you need to know
Take an Inside Look into Our Cutting-Edge R&D Plat...
101 Guide on The Benefits of Cleansing Your Face
How OneSkin Developed the OS-01 Peptide
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Five Common Skin Problems Experienced in Perimenop...
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The Top 3 Benefits of Peptides for Skin
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101 Guide To Skin Tightening + 7 Noninvasive Metho...
How to Reduce Skin Inflammation & Redness
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OneSkin Notable Mention: LifeSpan Episode 6 | The ...
The Top 10 Best Foods for Skin Repair
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Are There Dangers of Retinol Cream Use?
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Celebrating Black History Month: A Discussion With...
Representation of the Black Community in Skin Care...
Our Story: Learn more about the history of OneSkin...
What Is Senescence & Its Relationship To Aging?
Winter Skincare - How To Prevent Dry Skin this Sea...
Special Announcement: OneSkin to Donate 1% of Sale...
Biological Age: What is Biological Age, Why Does i...
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What is a peptide?
Peptides: the first piece of th...
Peptides: the first piece of th...
Where Skin Health Meets Longevity
Health Is The New Wealth
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OneSkin launches MolClock, the first skin-specific...
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Healthspan: A New Way To Think About Aging