What are Zombie Cells & How Can We Remove Them?
6 min read
October 18, 2024
SKIN SCIENCE, LONGEVITY
What are Zombie Cells & How Can We Remove Them?
6 min read
October 18, 2024
SKIN SCIENCE, LONGEVITY
This Halloween, the zombies you should be worried about are your own cells. Senescent cells, often called ‘zombie’ cells, are dysfunctional cells that have stopped dividing but don't die off as they should. As these cells accumulate with age, they secrete harmful chemicals that can damage nearby healthy cells and contribute to various health issues, including the age-related deterioration of your skin. But here's the fascinating part: getting rid of these cells might slow or reverse aging. So, why exactly are they called zombie cells, and what makes them so central to anti-aging research?
This Halloween, the zombies you should be worried about are your own cells. Senescent cells, often called ‘zombie’ cells, are dysfunctional cells that have stopped dividing but don't die off as they should. As these cells accumulate with age, they secrete harmful chemicals that can damage nearby healthy cells and contribute to various health issues, including the age-related deterioration of your skin. But here's the fascinating part: getting rid of these cells might slow or reverse aging. So, why exactly are they called zombie cells, and what makes them so central to anti-aging research?
01
What are zombie cells?
When cells become old or damaged, they stop replicating and either enter a phase called senescence or undergo apoptosis (cell death) and are reabsorbed by the body's cleaners, phagocytes. The cells that enter senescence refuse to die, rendering them senescent, or zombie, cells. As the name suggests, these cells release abnormal signals to nearby cells that can induce senescence in neighboring cells.
01
What are zombie cells?
When cells become old or damaged, they stop replicating and either enter a phase called senescence or undergo apoptosis (cell death) and are reabsorbed by the body's cleaners, phagocytes. The cells that enter senescence refuse to die, rendering them senescent, or zombie, cells. As the name suggests, these cells release abnormal signals to nearby cells that can induce senescence in neighboring cells.
Where do zombie cells come from?
The biological purpose of cellular senescence is to prevent further replication after a cell experiences excessive damage or stress. Here are some of the main varieties of senescence, each with unique causes. [1]
- Replicative: When a cell has reached its maximum number of cell divisions and should no longer replicate, often due to telomere shortening, it can enter senescence. This is the classic senescing process.
- Oncogene-Induced: Oncogenes are genes responsible for cell replication. When these genes are activated or overexpressed, they allow for higher levels of cell proliferation than optimal. To prevent a tumor, the cell activates two tumor-suppressing pathways; these pathways also stimulate cellular senescence.
- Stress-Induced: Different stressors, such as oxidizing agents and free radicals, can cause single-stranded breaks (SSBs) in a cell's DNA. This actuates a DNA damage response, triggering a signaling pathway that prematurely sends healthy cells into senescence.[2]
- Irradiation-Induced: Another stressor that can damage DNA is UV radiation. Radiation ionizes the DNA nucleotides and is one of the primary sources of cellular senescence in the skin. It’s one of the reasons the skin contains such a high density of zombie cells. [3]
Where do zombie cells come from?
The biological purpose of cellular senescence is to prevent further replication after a cell experiences excessive damage or stress. Here are some of the main varieties of senescence, each with unique causes. [1]
- Replicative: When a cell has reached its maximum number of cell divisions and should no longer replicate, often due to telomere shortening, it can enter senescence. This is the classic senescing process.
- Oncogene-Induced: Oncogenes are genes responsible for cell replication. When these genes are activated or overexpressed, they allow for higher levels of cell proliferation than optimal. To prevent a tumor, the cell activates two tumor-suppressing pathways; these pathways also stimulate cellular senescence.
- Stress-Induced: Different stressors, such as oxidizing agents and free radicals, can cause single-stranded breaks (SSBs) in a cell's DNA. This actuates a DNA damage response, triggering a signaling pathway that prematurely sends healthy cells into senescence.[2]
- Irradiation-Induced: Another stressor that can damage DNA is UV radiation. Radiation ionizes the DNA nucleotides and is one of the primary sources of cellular senescence in the skin. It’s one of the reasons the skin contains such a high density of zombie cells. [3]
How do zombie cells work?
Zombie cells want to get caught. The entire purpose of the senescence state is to prevent further cell replication and alert the immune system to clear the zombie cells out. They attempt to communicate with the immune system by excreting inflammatory factors and utilizing cellular signaling. Ideally, the body reacts by sending specialized immune cells called natural killer cells to clear them out.[4]
How do zombie cells work?
Zombie cells want to get caught. The entire purpose of the senescence state is to prevent further cell replication and alert the immune system to clear the zombie cells out. They attempt to communicate with the immune system by excreting inflammatory factors and utilizing cellular signaling. Ideally, the body reacts by sending specialized immune cells called natural killer cells to clear them out.[4]
02
How Do Zombie Cells Play a Part In Aging?
Unfortunately, as our immune system weakens and becomes less diligent with age, the slow build-up of these senescent cells and the inflammatory signaling can backfire and accelerate aging in two ways:
Inflammation
As the immune system becomes less efficient at clearing away zombie cells, they are left to linger and secrete harmful inflammatory factors, called senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), resulting in chronic inflammation. [3] While inflammation is often used to heal the body, chronic levels of inflammatory cytokines can lead to blood clots, neurological disorders, and tumors. Chronic inflammation has a hand in several age-related diseases, including Alzheimer's, heart disease, cancer, and diabetes. [5]
02
How Do Zombie Cells Play a Part In Aging?
Unfortunately, as our immune system weakens and becomes less diligent with age, the slow build-up of these senescent cells and the inflammatory signaling can backfire and accelerate aging in two ways:
Inflammation
As the immune system becomes less efficient at clearing away zombie cells, they are left to linger and secrete harmful inflammatory factors, called senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), resulting in chronic inflammation. [3] While inflammation is often used to heal the body, chronic levels of inflammatory cytokines can lead to blood clots, neurological disorders, and tumors. Chronic inflammation has a hand in several age-related diseases, including Alzheimer's, heart disease, cancer, and diabetes. [5]
Stem Cell Exhaustion
Through these inflammatory signaling factors, senescent cells start influencing neighboring cells towards senescence. Impressionable stem cells are especially affected, often becoming damaged or falling into senescence. Senescent cells are also able to disrupt the joint network of these cells; this impedes cellular communication, structural integrity, cell growth, etc. Through these means, zombie cells can interfere with stem cell function and growth and disrupt the overall balance of a tissue. Stem cell exhaustion is a crucial contributor to aging and can eventually lead to organ dysfunction. [2]
Stem Cell Exhaustion
Through these inflammatory signaling factors, senescent cells start influencing neighboring cells towards senescence. Impressionable stem cells are especially affected, often becoming damaged or falling into senescence. Senescent cells are also able to disrupt the joint network of these cells; this impedes cellular communication, structural integrity, cell growth, etc. Through these means, zombie cells can interfere with stem cell function and growth and disrupt the overall balance of a tissue. Stem cell exhaustion is a crucial contributor to aging and can eventually lead to organ dysfunction. [2]
03
What do zombie cells mean for your skin health?
Being our most exposed organ, our skin experiences a lot of DNA damage from UV exposure. Sun-damaged skin leads to stress-induced senescence, activating the DNA damage response and prematurely sending our cells into senescence.[3] This accumulation of senescent cells in the skin leads to a weakened skin barrier, which can cause visible signs of aging, such as sagging and wrinkles. Worse than that, it compromises your body’s immune system and puts it at a higher risk of chronic inflammation.[6]
Can You Get Rid of Zombie Cells?
Luckily, a class of molecules called “senotherapeutics” can prevent the accumulation of and clear away zombie cells. This class of molecules has shown promising effects on preventing and reversing the aging process by reducing the senescent burden in the body. A 2019 study determined that senotherapeutic molecules can ease and occasionally reverse several age-related illnesses, including Alzheimer’s disease! [7] Senotherapeutic molecules have shown great potential in the longevity sciences, but what are their specific implications on skin longevity?
03
What do zombie cells mean for your skin health?
Being our most exposed organ, our skin experiences a lot of DNA damage from UV exposure. Sun-damaged skin leads to stress-induced senescence, activating the DNA damage response and prematurely sending our cells into senescence.[3] This accumulation of senescent cells in the skin leads to a weakened skin barrier, which can cause visible signs of aging, such as sagging and wrinkles. Worse than that, it compromises your body’s immune system and puts it at a higher risk of chronic inflammation.[6]
Can You Get Rid of Zombie Cells?
Luckily, a class of molecules called “senotherapeutics” can prevent the accumulation of and clear away zombie cells. This class of molecules has shown promising effects on preventing and reversing the aging process by reducing the senescent burden in the body. A 2019 study determined that senotherapeutic molecules can ease and occasionally reverse several age-related illnesses, including Alzheimer’s disease! [7] Senotherapeutic molecules have shown great potential in the longevity sciences, but what are their specific implications on skin longevity?
04
OS-01 As a Senotherapeutic Molecule
The OS-01 peptide is not just any senotherapeutic molecule; it’s a highly effective one designed for optimal penetration in the skin when applied topically. In lab tests, the OS-01 peptide effectively reduced zombie cells in human skin samples by up to 50%. [8] It does this by blocking SASP, the inflammatory signals that induce neighboring cells into senescence, effectively containing the spread of senescence. This allows your immune system time to catch up and the overall senescent load to be reduced over time. By reducing the senescent burden in skin, the OS-01 peptide is scientifically proven to reverse skin’s biological age.[8] Found in our topical supplements, OS-01 FACE, OS-01 EYE, and OS-01 BODY, and our SPFs, OS-01 FACE SPF and OS-01 BODY SPF, the OS-01 peptide helps improve skin barrier function and combat both the visible and invisible signs of skin aging.[9]
04
OS-01 As a Senotherapeutic Molecule
The OS-01 peptide is not just any senotherapeutic molecule; it’s a highly effective one designed for optimal penetration in the skin when applied topically. In lab tests, the OS-01 peptide effectively reduced zombie cells in human skin samples by up to 50%. [8] It does this by blocking SASP, the inflammatory signals that induce neighboring cells into senescence, effectively containing the spread of senescence. This allows your immune system time to catch up and the overall senescent load to be reduced over time. By reducing the senescent burden in skin, the OS-01 peptide is scientifically proven to reverse skin’s biological age.[8] Found in our topical supplements, OS-01 FACE, OS-01 EYE, and OS-01 BODY, and our SPFs, OS-01 FACE SPF and OS-01 BODY SPF, the OS-01 peptide helps improve skin barrier function and combat both the visible and invisible signs of skin aging.[9]
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Key Takeaways:
- The biological purpose of cellular senescence is to prevent further replication after a cell experiences excessive damage. DNA damage response pathways, or tumor suppressant pathways, can prematurely create a zombie cell.
- Zombie cells employ cellular signaling by excreting inflammatory factors to alert the immune system to clear them out. When immune function experiences age-related decline, these senescent attributes can lead to chronic inflammation and stem cell exhaustion.
- Senotherapeutic molecules have shown promising effects on preventing and reversing aging by reducing the senescent burden in the body.
- The OS-01 peptide is a highly effective and safe senotherapeutic molecule designed to keep your skin healthier for longer.
Key Takeaways:
- The biological purpose of cellular senescence is to prevent further replication after a cell experiences excessive damage. DNA damage response pathways, or tumor suppressant pathways, can prematurely create a zombie cell.
- Zombie cells employ cellular signaling by excreting inflammatory factors to alert the immune system to clear them out. When immune function experiences age-related decline, these senescent attributes can lead to chronic inflammation and stem cell exhaustion.
- Senotherapeutic molecules have shown promising effects on preventing and reversing aging by reducing the senescent burden in the body.
- The OS-01 peptide is a highly effective and safe senotherapeutic molecule designed to keep your skin healthier for longer.
Disclaimers
- This article was initially published in April 2022 and has been updated.
Disclaimers
- This article was initially published in April 2022 and has been updated.
References
- https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2020.00364/full
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4214092/
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3583883/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5748990/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6704802/
- https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03547-7
- https://www.thelancet.com/journals/ebiom/article/PIIS2352-3964(18)30629-7/fulltext
- https://www.nature.com/articles/s41514-023-00109-1
- Based on data from clinical studies and/or lab studies conducted on human skin samples, 3D skin models, and skin cells in the OneSkin lab. Explore more at oneskin.co/claims
References
- https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2020.00364/full
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4214092/
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3583883/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5748990/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6704802/
- https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03547-7
- https://www.thelancet.com/journals/ebiom/article/PIIS2352-3964(18)30629-7/fulltext
- https://www.nature.com/articles/s41514-023-00109-1
- Based on data from clinical studies and/or lab studies conducted on human skin samples, 3D skin models, and skin cells in the OneSkin lab. Explore more at oneskin.co/claims
Reviewed by Alessandra Zonari, PhD, Chief Scientific Officer (CSO) and Co-Founder of OneSkin
Alessandra earned her Master’s degree in stem cell biology, and her PhD in skin regeneration and tissue engineering at the Federal University of Minas Gerais in Brazil in collaboration with the 3B’s Research Group in Portugal. Alessandra did a second post-doctoral at the University of Coimbra in Portugal. She is a co-inventor of three patents and has published 20 peer-reviewed papers in scientific journals.
Reviewed by Alessandra Zonari, PhD, Chief Scientific Officer (CSO) and Co-Founder of OneSkin
Alessandra earned her Master’s degree in stem cell biology, and her PhD in skin regeneration and tissue engineering at the Federal University of Minas Gerais in Brazil in collaboration with the 3B’s Research Group in Portugal. Alessandra did a second post-doctoral at the University of Coimbra in Portugal. She is a co-inventor of three patents and has published 20 peer-reviewed papers in scientific journals.
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When to Apply Sunscreen: Before or After Moisturiz...
How Alcohol Impacts Your Skin’s Health
The Effects of Alcohol on Your Skin's Aging Proces...
OS-01 FACE: Clinically Validated to Support Your S...
Can Alcohol Cause Breakouts?
The Proof is in the Peptide: 12-Week Clinical Stud...
Why Is My Neck Aging So Fast?
6 Factors That Contribute to Slow Skin Healing
6 Tips and Tricks for a Youthful Neck
Addressing the Need for Indoor Sun Protection
The Science of Sunburns: How to Treat and Prevent ...
Get to Know OneSkin’s Topical Supplements:
OS-01 F...
OS-01 F...
Can Air Quality Affect Skin? Exploring the Impact ...
Understanding the Relationship Between Sleep and U...
Exploring the Effects of Quality Sleep on Your Ski...
How to Improve Gut Microbiome
Exploring Caloric Restriction and Its Effects on A...
What’s the Connection Between Quality Sleep and Lo...
Unlocking the Skin Benefits of Intermittent Fastin...
Why Exercise is a Game-Changer for Longevity
The Microbiome Diet and Its Effects on Skin
Cold Exposure: Hype or Longevity Boosting?
Eat Better, Live Longer: Top Foods for Longevity
How to Protect Your Skin from Everyday Environment...
How Does Sunscreen Work? How Long Does it Last?
Pressing the Pause Button on Aging Skin: OS-01 BOD...
What Causes Dark Circles Under and Around Your Eye...
How to Brighten Eyes and Under-Eyes
Lip Balm Ingredients: What to Look for and What to...
Exploring Blue Zones: How Can We Optimize Our Heal...
Nurturing Your Lips: How to Keep Them Moisturized ...
Uncovering the 9 Causes of Dry Lips: Why Do Lips G...
How to Travel with Skin Care Products
Why is my Skin Peeling on My Face?
The Importance of Sunscreen: Why Should You Wear I...
Lip Sunscreen: Do Lips Need SPF Protection?
The Science of Gratitude
Removing Sunscreen: Tips for Clean and Healthy Ski...
Skin Explained: Is Skin An Organ?
UV Light and Skin: Effects and Protection Strategi...
Understanding The Epidermis: Functions, Compositio...
Diving into Dermis: Functions and Significance
Unlocking the Science of Wrinkles: Causes, Formati...
PREP enhances the effects of OS-01 FACE, and the p...
Why Skin Barrier is Important
Ingredient Spotlight: Bentonite Uses, Benefits, & ...
Hypodermis: Exploring Its Vital Functions
The EU is Limiting Retinol in Skincare: Here’s Eve...
Why You Should Use OS-01 FACE & OS-01 SHIELD Toget...
Ceramides For Skin: Everything You Need to Know ne...
Age Gracefully: How to Manage Neck Wrinkles and Ac...
Discover Why Our New SPF Outperforms the Rest
How to Preserve Your Feet: 5 Strategies for Wrinkl...
Hands and Dermal Elasticity: Understanding and Man...
The Lip Lineage: Exploring the Why Behind Wrinkled...
How to Address Stomach Wrinkles For Smoother Skin
A Scientific Approach to Addressing Wrinkly Skin o...
What is Skin Cycling? Understanding, Embracing, an...
How to Skin Cycle: A Guide to Optimize Your Skin C...
Do You Know What Clinical Claims Really Mean?
What is Tinted Sunscreen?
2 Types of Wrinkles and Tips for Treating Them
Understanding Marionette Lines: Causes and Prevent...
How to Help Your Skin Act Younger
The Science of Sunscreen: Understanding the Optima...
Better Elasticity, More Firmness: Discover OS-01 E...
Symptoms and Causes of Melasma on Face
How to Prevent Skin Aging Before It Starts
A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding the Differe...
How to Strengthen Your Skin: A Guide to Thicker, H...
An In-Depth Look at Glycerin: What is it and What ...
Exploring the Benefits of Glycerin for Skin Health
Exploring the Difference Between Hydrating and Moi...
3 Natural Ways to Keep Your Skin Hydrated and Glow...
How To Create A Hydrating Skin Care Routine For Dr...
Senotherapeutics, Senolytics, and Senomorphics -- ...
Cleansing 101: How to Wash Your Face the Right Way...
Scientific Breakthrough: OneSkin’s scientists show...
Dry Skin 101: How To Identify This Skin Type
How OS-01 Can Help Your Collagen Levels As You Age...
Developing a Skin Care Routine for Normal Skin: 4 ...
What is Normal Skin & Do I Have This Skin Type?
A Step-by-Step Guide to Creating the Perfect Skin ...
Understanding Oily Skin: Causes & Characteristics
7 Keys to Understanding Menopause and Skin Changes
Is This The Root Cause of Aging?
UV Damage Increases Cellular Senescence. Here's Ho...
Our Research Has Been Published in npj Aging
How To Reduce Hyperpigmentation by Targeting Cellu...
4 Steps to Crafting the Perfect Skin Care Routine ...
A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding and Managin...
An In-Depth Look At The Benefits Of Moringa Oil Fo...
How to Tighten the Skin Under Your Eyes
7 Causes For Crepey Skin Under Eyes
101 Guide To Restoring Dry Skin Around The Eyes
How is OS-01 EYE different from OS-01 FACE?
How to Remove Lingering Dead Skin Cells On the Fac...
Safe Beauty, Validated: Why OneSkin trusts SkinSAF...
Hallmarks of Aging
What is Sensitive Skin?
How OS-01 Works on Mature Skin
Is Fragrance Bad for Your Skin?
Target Cellular Senescence with the Highest Concen...
Can a Plant-Based Diet Really Increase Your Health...
Eye Skin Ages Faster: Here’s How OS-01 Can Help
Gut Health and Skin: How Are They Connected?
The Science Behind Why The Skin Around the Eyes Ag...
How OS-01 EYE Supports the Ultra-Thin Skin Around ...
How Do You Know When to Stop Using Retinol?
How To Heal Skin From Picking Your Face Too Much
Collagen And Elastin: What Role Do They Play In Sk...
Why We Want Skin To Be More, Not Less
More Than Skin Deep: How Physical Touch Predicts L...
What is Skin Inflammation? What Causes it?
How to Reverse (or Prevent) Aging Skin
Yes, You Need Sunscreen During Winter
Can You Use Hyaluronic Acid with Retinol?
Exploring the skin’s purpose in whole-body health
Stressed Skin: 4 Stress Effects on the Skin
What Does Hyaluronic Acid Do For Your Skin?
Good Genes vs. Good Habits: Which Impacts Your Lon...
What Are The Causes Of Dry, Flaky Skin On Your Fac...
What is the Best Skin Care Regimen for Aging Skin?
7 Benefits of Jojoba Oil
What happens to skin as a person ages?
What are the Benefits of Sulforaphane?
8 Benefits of Andiroba Oil For Skin
Invasive vs. Non-Invasive Skincare: The pros and c...
Allantoin For Skin: A Comprehensive Guide
This is the Data to Look For When Choosing Skin Ca...
Why cellular senescence is more than just one of t...
A Simplified Guide To The Different Skin Texture T...
How OS-01 Works With Different Skin Types
How To Smooth Skin Texture On The Face: 4 Expert T...
Skin Microbiome: What It Is, Why it’s Important, A...
What Foods Cause Acne and Which Fight Against It?
The 101 Guide To Understanding Acne-Prone Skin
The Top 4 Prickly Pear Benefits for Skin
What Is Exfoliation & Is It A Necessary Measure Fo...
OneSkin Notable Mention: Dave Asprey's The Human U...
Retinol 101: Debunking Retinol as the Gold Standar...
Menopause & Skin: What you need to know
Take an Inside Look into Our Cutting-Edge R&D Plat...
101 Guide On The Benefits Of Cleansing Your Face
Cleanser Vs. Face Wash: Which Should I Reach For?
Five Common Skin Problems Experienced in Perimenop...
Get to Know OneSkin’s Topical Supplements:
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The Top 3 Benefits of Peptides for Skin
How to Use Peptides In Your Skincare Regimen to Op...
Peptides vs Retinol: Is One Better For Increasing ...
What Is Causing the Uneven Skin Tone On Your Body?
How To Boost Skin Moisture For Your Entire Body Fr...
Three Ways To Extend Your Skinspan Starting With Y...
What Are Free Radicals and How Do They Impact Skin...
The Top 6 Best Antioxidants For Skin Health and Lo...
How OneSkin Developed the OS-01 Peptide
How chronic stress makes you age faster
What is Epidermal Thickness & Why Does it Matter?
Cell Turnover & Why It Slows As We Age
OneSkin Notable Mention: OneSkin Featured In Tony ...
101 Guide To Skin Tightening + 7 Noninvasive Metho...
Tight Feeling Skin: 3 Reasons Why
3 Skin Tightening Ingredients To Help Boost Skin H...
How to Reduce Skin Inflammation & Redness
Niacinamide Vs Retinol: How Do They Compare?
How to Incorporate OneSkin’s OS-01 Topical Supplem...
Why Is Nutrient Absorption Key To Better Skin Heal...
OneSkin Notable Mention: LifeSpan Episode 6 | The ...
The Top 10 Best Foods for Skin Repair
Are There Dangers of Retinol Cream Use?
What is Skin Elasticity & How Can You Improve It?
A Complete Guide to the 4 Stages of Wound Healing
4 Foods To Avoid During Wound Healing & Why
Celebrating Black History Month: A Discussion With...
What is the Function of Skin as a Protective Barri...
Representation of the Black Community in Skin Care...
Our Story: Learn more about the history of OneSkin...
What Is Senescence & Its Relationship To Aging?
Special Announcement: OneSkin to Donate 1% of Sale...
Biological Age: What is Biological Age, Why Does i...
What your skincare routine is missing (Hint. It’s ...
What is a peptide?
Peptides: the first piece of th...
Peptides: the first piece of th...
Health Is The New Wealth
The Correlation Between Sleep and Skin: Why It Mat...
Calorie Restriction And Intermittent Fasting: Eati...
Healthspan: A New Way To Think About Aging